SAMACHEER CLASS 10 UNIT 17 NOTES

 

UNIT 17

  samacheer SCIENCE
CLASS 10

BIOLOGY

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS & ANIMALS

INTRODUCTION

·     All living organisms – have the ability to produce – more of its own kind – process called Reproduction

·     Reproduction – process by which – new individuals are formed

·     Ensures – continuity & survival of species

·     Reproduction process – is to preserve individual species – called Self-perpetuation

·     Time taken to reproduce – varies from one organism to another

·     Eg: Yeast, Bacteria, Rat, Cow, Elephant & Humans – show great variation in period of reproduction

·     Sexual reproduction – offsprings produced by – union of male & female gametes (Sperm & Egg)

·     Male & Female gametes – contains genetic material (genes) – present on chromosomes – transmit characters to next generation

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

·     3 types of reproduction in plants

·     (i) vegetative

·     (ii) Asexual &

·     (iii) Sexual Reproduction

 

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

·     Vegetative reproduction – new plantlets – formed from vegetative cells (Somatic cells), buds or organs of plant

·     Vegetative part (root, stem, leaf or bud) – detach from parent body – grows into daughter plant

·     It has only mitotic division

·     No gametic fusion

·     Daughter plants – genetically similar to parent plant

HOW VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION TAKES PLACE?

·     Vegetative reproduction takes place through

(i) LEAVES

·     In Bryophyllum – small plants grow at leaf notches

(ii) STEMS

·     In Strawberry – aerial weak stems – touch the ground – adventitious roots & buds grows from it

·     When the connection with parent plant is broken – offspring becomes independent

(iii) ROOTS

·     Tuberous roots – used for vegetative propagation

·     Eg: Asparagus & sweet potato

(iv) BULBILS

·     Some plants – flower buds modifies into globose bulb – called bulbils

·     Bulbils – fall on ground – grow into new plant

·     Eg: Agave

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

·     Production of offspring – by a single parent – without formation & fusion of gametes – called asexual reproduction

·     Involves – only mitotic cell divisions – meiosis does not occur

·     Offsprings – identical to parents (exact copies of their parent)

·     TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

(i) FRAGMENTATION

·     In filamentous algae – filament breaks into many fragments – called fragmentation

·     Each fragment – undergo cell division – grows into new filament of algae

·     Eg: Spirogyra

 (ii) FISSION

·     Parent cells – divides into – 2 daughter cells

·     Each cell – develop into – new adult organism

·     Eg: Amoeba

(iii) BUDDING

·     Parent body – a small projection arises (buds) – grows into a daughter individual

·     Eg: Yeast

 (iv) REGENERATION

·     Ability of the lost body parts – of an individual organism – to give rise to new organism – called Regeneration

·     Takes place by – specialised mass of cells

·     Eg: Hydra & Planaria

 (v) SPORE FORMATION

·     Most common method of asexual reproduction – Bacteria & Fungi

·     During spore formation – structure called Sporangium – develops in fungal hyphae

·     Nucleus within sporangium – divides several times

·     Each nucleus – with small amount of cytoplasm – develops into spore

·     Spores – liberated – develops into new hypha – after reaching the ground or substratum

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

·     Sexual reproduction – process – 2 gametes (male & female) – fuse to produce – offsprings of their own kind

·     Both male & female sex organs – needed to produce gametes

·     Flower – reproductive organ of flowering plant

PARTS OF A TYPICAL FLOWER

·     Flower – modified shoot – with limited growth – to carry out sexual reproduction

·     Flower – consists of – 4 whorls – on thalamus

·     4 whorls from outside are

o  (a) Calyx – consists of sepals

o  (b) Corolla – consists of petals

o  (c) Androecium – consists of stamens

o  (d) Gynoecium / Pistil – consists of carpels

·     2 outer whorls – calyx & corolla – non-essential /accessory whorls – do not directly take part in reproduction

·     Other 2 whorls – androecium & gynoecium – essential whorls – both take part in reproduction

ANDROECIUM

·     Male part of flower – composed of stamens

·     Each stamen – have a stalk – called filament; & a small bag like structure – called anther

·     Anther – present at the tip of filament

·     Pollen grains – produced in anther – within pollen sac

POLLEN GRAIN

·     Usually spherical in shape

·     It has 2 layered wall

·     Hard outer layer – exine – has prominent apertures – called germpore

·     Inner thin layer – Intine – thin & continuous layer – made of cellulose & pectin

·     Mature Pollen grain – has 2 cells – vegetative & generative cell

·     Vegetative cell – contains a large nucleus

·     Generative cell – divides mitotically – forms two male gametes

GYNOECIUM

·     Female part of flower – made of carpels

·     It has 3 parts

o  (i) Ovary    

o  (ii) Style           

o  (iii) Stigma

·     Ovary – contains ovule

 

STRUCTURE OF OVULE

·     Main part of ovule – Nucellus – enclosed by 2 integuments – leaving an opening – called micropyle

·     Ovule – attached to ovary wall – by a stalk – Funiculus

·     Basal part – Chalaza

·     Embryo sac – contains seven cells & eighth nuclei – located within nucellus

 

·     3 cells – at micropylar end – form egg apparatus

·     3 cells – at chalazal end – antipodal cells

·     Remaining 2 nuclei – polar nuclei – found in the centre

·     Egg apparatus – one egg cell (female gamete), remaining 2 cells - Synergids

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

·     Sexual reproduction in flowering plants – involves

o  (A) Pollination

o  (B) Fertilization

(A) POLLINATION

·     Transfer of pollen grains – from anther to stigma of flower – Pollination

IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATION

·     (i) Results in fertilization – leads to formation of fruits & seeds

·     (ii) New plant varieties formed – by new combination of genes (in cross pollination)

TYPES OF POLLINATION

·     (a) Self Pollination &       (b) Cross Pollination

(a) SELF POLLINATION

·     Also called Autogamy

·     Transfer of pollen grains – from the anther of stigma of same flower or another flower of same plant – Self pollination

·     Eg: Hibiscus

ADVANTAGES OF SELF POLLINATION

·     Self pollination – possible in certain bisexual flowers

·     Flowers – donot depend on agents – for pollination

·     No wastage of pollen grains

 

DISADVANTAGES OF SELF POLLINATION

·     Seeds – less in number

·     Endosperm – is minute – so seeds produce weak plants

·     New plant varieties – cannot be produced

 

(b) CROSS POLLINATION

·     Transfer of pollen grains – from anther of a flower – to stigma of a flower on another plant – of same species

·     Eg: apples, grapes, plum, etc.,

ADVANTAGES OF CROSS POLLINATION

·     Seeds – produced as a result of cross pollination – develop & germinate properly – grow into better plants

·     Cross pollination – produce new varieties

·     More viable seeds – produced

DISADVANTAGES OF CROSS POLLINATION

·     May fail – due to distance barrier

·     More wastage of pollen grains

·     May introduce – some unwanted characters

·     Flowers – depend on external agencies – for pollination

 

AGENTS OF CROSS POLLINATION

·     For Cross Pollination – pollens should be carried from one flower to another (different plant)

·     This takes place through – agency of – animals, insects, wind & water

 

(1) POLLINATION BY WIND

·     Pollination by wind – called Anemophily

·     Anemophilous flowers – produce more amount of pollen grains

·     Pollen grains – small, smooth, dry & light weight

·     Such pollens – blown off – at a distance more than 1000 Km

·     Stigmas – comparatively large, protruding & sometimes hairy – to trap the pollen grains

·     Eg: Grasses & some Cacti

(2) POLLINATION BY INSECTS

·     Pollination by insects (like honey bees, flies) – called Entomophily

·     To attract insects – these flowers – brightly coloured, have smell & nectar

·     Pollen grains – larger in size, exine is pitted, spiny,ect., - so they can adhere firmly on the sticky stigma

·     Approx 80% of pollination by insects – done by honey bees

(3) POLLINATION BY WATER

·     Pollination by water – called Hydrophily

·     Takes place in aquatic plants

·     Pollen grains – produced in large numbers

·     Pollen grains – float on water surface – till they land on stigma (female flower)

·     Eg: Hydrilla, Vallisneria

(4) POLLINATION BY ANIMALS

·     Pollination by animals – called Zoophily

·     Flowers of such plants – attract animals – by their bright colour, size, scent, etc.,

·     Eg: Sun bird – pollinates flowers of Canna, Gladioli, etc.,

·     Squirrels pollinate – flowers of silk cotton tree

FERTILIZATION IN PLANTS

·     Pollen grains – reach the right stigma – and begin to germinate

·     Pollen grain form pollen tube (small tube-like structure) – emerges through germ pore

·     Contents of pollen grain – move into the tube

·     Pollen tube – grows through – tissues of stigma & style – finally reaches the ovule – through micropyle

·     Vegetative cell – degenerates; Generative cell – divides & form 2 sperms (male gametes)

·     Tip of pollen tube – bursts – 2 sperms enters embryo sac

·     One sperm – fuses with egg (syngamy) – forms diploid zygote

·     Other sperm – fuses with secondary nucleus (Triple fusion) – form Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) – triploid in nature

·     Two types of fusion (Syngamy & triple fusion) – takes place in an embryo sac – process is called Double Fertilization

·     After triple fusion – PEN – develops into an endosperm

·     Endosperm – gives food to – developing embryo

·     Later synergids & antipodal cells – degenerate 

SIGNIFICANCE OF FERTILIZATION

·     Stimulates ovary – to develop into fruit

·     Helps to develop – new characters – from two different individuals

POST FERTILIZATION CHANGES

·     Ovule – develops into seed

·     Integuments of the ovule – develop into seed coat

·     Ovary – enlarges & develops into fruit

·     Seeds – contains future plant or embryo – develops into seedling – under appropriate conditions

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN

·     In human – male & female reproductive organs – differ anatomically & physiologically

·     New individuals develop – by fusion of gametes

·     Sexual reproduction – involves fusion of 2 haploid gametes (male & female gametes) – form diploid individual (zygote)

ORGANS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

·     Organs of reproductive system – divided into primary & secondary (accessory) sex organs

·     Primary reproductive organs – include gonads (Testes – Male; Ovaries - Female)

·     Accessory sex organs

·     Male – Vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostrate gland & penis

·     Female – Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix & vagina

SECONDARY SEX ORGANS

·     Secondary sex organs – are involved in

·     Process of ovulation

·     Fusion of male & female gametes (Fertilization)

·     Division of fertilized egg – upto the formation of embryo

·     Pregnancy

·     Development of foetus

·     Child birth

MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN – STRUCTURE OF TESTES

·     Testes – reproductive glands of male

·     Oval shaped organs – lie outside abdominal cavity of a man – in sac like structure – called Scrotum

VARIOUS CELLS PRESENT IN TESTES

·     Each testes – covered with a layer of fibrous tissue – Tunica albuginea

·     Many septa in this layer – divides testes in pyramidal lobules – in which lie – seminiferous tubules, cells of Sertoli & Leydig cells (Interstitial cells)

 

SPERMATOGENESIS

·     Spermatogenesis process – takes place in Seminiferous tubules

·     Sertoli cells – supporting cells & provide nutrients to developing sperms

·     Leydig cells – polyhedral in shape – lie in between seminiferous tubules – secrete testosterone – initiates the process of Spermatogenesis

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN – STRUCTURE OF OVARY

·     Ovaries – located on either side of lower abdomen

·     Two oval shaped bodies – lying near lateral end of fallopian tube

·     Each ovary – compact structure – consists of – outer cortex & inner medulla

·     Cortex – has network of connective tissue – called stroma – lined by germinal epithelium

 

·     Epithelial cells – called granulosa cells – surround each ovum in ovary – together form primary follicle

·     As egg grows large – follicle also enlarges – gets filled with fluid – called Graafian follicle

INFO BITS

·     In a new born female child – number of primordial follicles – ranges over 7 million

·     During reproductive period (at puberty) – number is around 60,000 to 70,000

·     During women’s life – she only ovulate 300 to 400 of that – 2 million eggs – initially born with

·     Men – will produce – over 500 billion sperms – in their life time

GAMETOGENESIS

·     Formation of sperm – in male & ovum – in female – Gametogenesis

·     Involves – spermatogenesis (formation of spermatozoa) & oogenesis (formation of ova)

·     Gametes – with haploid cells – produced through gametogenesis

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SPERM

·     Spermatozoan – consists of – head, middle piece & tail

·     Sperm head – elongated & formed by condensation of nucleus

·     Anterior portion – has a cap-like structure – acrosome

·     It contains an enzyme – Hyaluronidase – helps the sperm to enter ovum – during fertilization

·     Short neck – connects head & middle piece – comprises of centrioles

·     Middle piece – contains mitochondria – provides energy for – movement of tail

·     Tail – helps in sperm motility – essential for fertilization

STRUCTURE OF OVUM

·     Mature ovum /egg – spherical in shape

·     Ovum – almost free of yolk

·     Contains – abundant cytoplasm & the nucleus

·     Ovum – surrounded by 3 membranes à Plasma membrane – surrounded by inner Zona pellucida – outer thick corona radiata

·     Corona radiata – formed of follicle cells

·     Surface layer of ovum – called Vitelline membrane

·     Fluid filled space – between Zona pellucida & egg’s surface – called Perivitelline space

PUBERTY

·     Reproductive system – both in male & female – becomes functional – and sex hormone production increases – Puberty

·     Puberty – starts earlier in females than in males

·     Boys – attain puberty – between age 13 to 14 years

·     Girls – between 11 to 13 years

·     Male – onset of puberty – triggered by – secretion of testosterone hormone – in testes

·     Female – secretion of Estrogen & progesterone – from ovary – triggers onset of puberty

·     Secretion of both male & female hormones – controlled by – Pituitary gonadotropins – Luteinizing  Hormone (LH) & Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE – PROCESS OF OVULATION

·     Cyclic events – takes place in a rhythmic fashion – during reproductive period of women’s life – Menstrual cycle

·     Human females – menstrual cycle – starts at the age of 11 to 13 years – marks the onset of puberty – called Menarche

·     Menstrual cycle – ceases around – 48 to 50 years of age – this stage – called Menopause

·     Reproductive period – repeated characteristic events – occur every month – as menstrual flow – in physiologically normal women (28 days with minor variations)

·     Menstrual cycle – 4 phases

o  (1) Menstrual or Destructive phase

o  (2) Follicular or Proliferative phase

o  (3) Ovulatory phase

o  (4) Luteal or Secretory phase

·     These phases – show simultaneous synchrony of events – in both ovary & uterus

·     Changes in ovary & uterus – induced by – pituitary hormones (LH & FSH) & ovarian hormones (Estrogen & Progesterone)

INFO BIT

·     Menstruation – periodical phenomenon – continues from puberty to menopause

·     This happens – if released ovum is not fertilized by sperm

·     Lack of menstruation – indicates pregnancy  

FERTILIZATION TO FOETAL DEVELOPMENT

FERTILIZATION

·     Fertilization in human – internal – occurs in oviduct of female genital tract

·     Takes place in – ampulla of fallopian tube

·     Oocyte – alive for about 24 hours – after it is released – from follicle

·     Fertilization – must take place – within 24 hours

·     Sperm enters into ovum – fuses – results in formation of zygote

·     This process – called fertilization

·     Zygote – fertilized ovum

CLEAVAGE & FORMATION OF BLASTULA

·     30 hours after fertilization – first cleavage takes place

·     Cleavage – series of rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote – to form – many celled blastula (blastocyst)

·     Blastula – comprises of – an outer layer of smaller cells; inner mass of larger cells

IMPLANTATION

·     Blastocyst (fertilized egg) – reaches uterus – gets implanted

·     This process of – attachment of blastocyst – to uterine wall (endometrium) – Implantation

·     Fertilized egg – gets implanted – in about 6 to 7 days – after fertilization

GASTRULATION

·     Transformation of blastula – into gastrula & formation of primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm) – by rearrangement of cells – called gastrulation

·     Gastrulation – takes place after implantation

INFO BITS

·     Normally – one egg matures in ovary – every month

·     Ovulation – rupture of follicle – releasing egg / ovum

·     Uterus – prepare itself – to receive the fertilized egg – every month

·     Uterine lining – becomes thick & spongy – for implantation of fertilized egg

EVENTS LEADING TO WHEN FERTILIZATION OCCURS & DOES NOT OCCUR

·     If fertilization takes place – corpus luteum persists – continues to secrete Progesterone – maintains thickened state of uterine wall – prevents maturation of another follicle – till the end of pregnancy

·     If fertilization – does not occur – corpus luteum degenerates – egg disintegrates – uterine lining slowly breaks – discharged as blood & mucus – leads to menstrual events

ORGANOGENESIS

·     Establishment of germ layers – ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm – initiates final phase of embryonic development

·     During organogenesis – various organs of the foetus – established from different germ layers – attains functional state

FORMATION OF PLACENTA

·     Placenta – disk shaped structure – attached to uterine wall

·     It is a temporary association – between developing embryo & maternal tissues (mother)

·     Allows – exchange of food materials, diffusion of O₂, excretion of nitrogenous wastes & elimination of CO₂  

·     A cord – with blood vessels – connects placenta with foetus – Umblical cord

PREGNANCY (GESTATION)

·     Time period – during which – embryo develops in uterus

·     Normal gestation period of humans – about 280 days

·     During pregnancy – uterus expands upto 500 times its normal size

PARTURITION (CHILD BIRTH)

·     Parturition – expulsion of young one – from mother’s uterine – at the end of gestation

·     Oxytocin – from posterior pituitary stimulates – uterine contractions – provides force to expel the baby from uterus – causing birth

DO YOU KNOW?

·     Sometimes – ovaries release – 2 eggs – each fertilised by a different sperms – results in – non-identical twins (Fraternal twins)

·     If single egg – fertilised – divides into two foetus – Identical twins develop

LACTATION

·     Process of milk production – after child birth – from mammary glands of mother – Lactation

·     First fluid – released from mammary gland – after child birth – Colostrum

·     Milk production – from alveoli of mammary gland – stimulated by prolactin – secreted from anterior pituitary

·     Ejection of milk – stimulated by posterior pituitary hormone – Oxytocin

INFO BITS

·     Milk produced from breast – first 2 to 3 days – after child birth – Colostrum

·     Colostrum – contains immune substances – provides immunity to the new borne – essential for the body

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

·     According to WHO – reproductive health – total well being in all aspects of reproduction – ability to reproduce & regulate fertility, women’s ability to undergo puberty & safe child birth, maternal & infant survival & well being

·     Several measures – undertaken by government – to improve reproductive health of people – by launching – National Health Programme like

·     (i) Family Welfare Programme

·     (ii) Reproductive & Child Health Care (RCH) Programme

FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME

·     National Family Welfare Programme includes

·     (i) Maternal & Child Health Care (MCH)

·     (ii) Immunization of mothers, infants & children

·     (iii) Nutritional Supplement – to pregnant women & children

·     (iv) Contraception with health education, to motivate couples to accept contraceptive methods – to have small family norms – which improve economic status, living status & the quality of life

PRODUCTIVE & CHILD HEALTH CARE (RCH) PROGRAMME

·     It has integrated all services – includes

·     Pregnancy & child birth

·     Postnatal care of the mother & child

·     Importance of breast feeding

·     Prevention of reproductive tract infective & sexually transmitted diseases 

POPULATION EXPLOSION & FAMILY PLANNING

·     Population explosion – sudden & rapid rise in size of the population – especially  human population

·     Realizing its dangers – government of India – taken several measures – to check population growth – and introduced family planning

·     India – first country – to launch Nation wide family planning programme (1952)

·     Family planning – way of living – adopted voluntarily by couples – on basis of knowledge & responsible decisions – to promote health & welfare of family & society

·     WHO – also stressed – importance of family planning – as global strategy health for all

DO YOU KNOW?

·     Inverted red triangle – symbol of family planning in India

·     Displayed – at all hospitals, primary health clinics & family welfare centre – where any help or advice about family planning – available free of cost

·     Symbol – displayed along with slogan – ‘Small family Happy family’

CONTRACEPTION

·     One of the best birth control measures

·     Many techniques / methods – developed to prevent pregnancies in women

·     Devices used for contraception – contraceptive devices

·     Common contraceptive methods – to prevent pregnancy

o  (i) Barrier methods                     

o  (ii) Hormonal methods

o  (iii) Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs) 

o  (iv) Surgical methods

(i) BARRIER METHODS

·     Prevent – sperms from meeting ovum

·     Sperms’ entry into female reproductive tract – prevented by barrier

(a) CONDOM

·     Prevents deposition of sperms in vagina

·     Condoms – made of thin rubber/ latex sheath

·     Also protects sexually transmitted diseases (STD) – like Syphilis, AIDS

(b) VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM (CERVICAL CAP)

·     Vaginal Diaphragm – into the vagina or Cervical cap – fitting over cervix

·     Prevents – entry of sperms into Uterus

(ii) HORMONAL METHODS

·     Hormonal preparations – in the form of pills or tablets (contraceptive pills)

·     These hormones – interfere ovulation (stop the release of egg from ovary)

(iii) INTRA-UTERINE DEVICES (IUDs)

·     IUD – contraceptive devices – inserted into uterus

·     2 synthetic devices – commonly used in India

·     (a) Lippe’s loop                  – (b) Copper-T

·     Made of copper & plastic (non-irritant)

·     Remain for 3 years

·     Reduces – sperm fertilizing capacity & prevents implantation

·     Also helps to give – adequate time interval – between pregnancies

 

(iv) SURGICAL METHODS

·     Surgical contraception / sterilization techniques – terminal methods – prevent any pregnancy

·     Males – Vasectomy (ligation of vas deferens)

·     Females – Tubectomy (ligation of Fallopian tube)

·     These are methods of permanent birth control

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

·     Many diseases affect both men & women

·     Few diseases occur – at higher frequency – in women

·     Women – susceptible to UTI – from bacteria – present on skin, rectum or vagina – enters the urethra – before moving upwards

TYPES OF UTI

(1) CYSTITIS OR BLADDER INFECTION

·     Bacteria – present in urinary bladder – thrive & multiply – leading to inflammation

·     Common among – 20 to 50 age group

(2) KIDNEY INFECTION

·     Bacteria – can travel from urinary bladder upward – to ureter – affect one or both kidneys

·     Also infects blood stream – leads to serious life-threatening complications 

(3) ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA

·     Bacteria – in urinary bladder – may not show any symptoms

 

PERSONAL HYGIENE

·     Hygiene – practice of healthy living & personal cleanliness

·     Personal hygiene – caring of one’s own body & health

·     Social hygiene – proper care of the surrounding environment

·     Main aspect of hygiene – body hygiene, food hygiene, sanitary hygiene & hygienic environment

 

BODY HYGIENE

·     Washing – vital to all age group of people – maintains our personal hygiene

·     Daily bath – keeps skin clean & free of germs

·     Hair – frequently washed - & kept clean

·     Mouth wash – should be done – after every meal

·     Wash our hands – many times – during the day

·     Cloth towels – that are used to dry our body & hands – should be dried after use - & laundered regularly

·     Clothes, handkerchief, under garments & socks – washed daily

·     Washing prevents – body odour, infections & skin irritation

TOILET HYGIENE

·     Toilet – has a lot to do with – personal hygiene & general health

·     A place – that cannot be avoided - & used regularly

·     Parents – should guide & practice – their children – on how to use toilets – at home, in schools & other public places – that will protect children from contagious infections

MEASURES TO ENSURE TOILET HYGIENE

·     (i) Floors of the toilet – maintained clean & dry

·     Helps to reduce – bad odour & infection

·     (ii) Toilet flush handles, door knobs, faucets, paper towel dispensers, light switches & walls – cleaned with disinfectants

·     to kill harmful germs & bacteria

·     (iii) Hands – should be washed thoroughly – with soap – before & after toilet use

MENSTRUAL & NAPKIN HYGIENE

·     Women’s health – depends upon the level of cleanliness – keeps them free from skin & genito urinary tract infection

 

MENSTRUAL HYGIENE

·     Maintaining menstrual hygiene – important for overall health of women

·     Basic Menstrual hygiene ways are

·     (i) Sanitary pads – changed regularly – to avoid infections – due to microbes – from vagina & sweat from genitals

·     (ii) Use warm water – to clean genitals – helps get rid of menstrual cramps

·     (iii) Wear loose clothing – rather than tight fitting clothes – ensures airflow around genitals – prevent sweating

MORE TO KNOW

·     Every year – May 28 – observed as Menstrual Hygiene Day

·     To create awareness – among girls & women – of maintaining menstrual hygiene – and its importance for good health

·     By way of awareness – through films, discussions & campaigns – menstrual hygiene – taken centre stage in recent days

NAPKIN HYGIENE

·     Parents & teachers – should create awareness – among school girls – about use in napkins & their proper disposal

·     Girls should be educated in following ways:

·     (i) Sanitary pads – should be wrapped properly & discarded – as they can spread infections

·     (ii) Sanitary pad – should not be flushed down the toilet

·     (iii) Napkin incinerators – used properly for disposal of used napkins

 

INFO BITS

·     Menstrual hygiene Scheme – launched by the Health ministry (2011) – to provide subsidized sanitary napkins

·     Tamil Nadu – UNICEF – developed an affordable incinerator – uses firewood – to handle sanitary napkin waste – at schools

·     Special wells are equipped – sanitary napkins are composed